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To investigate the relationship between diving (DR), tortuosity ( R ? ) and foraging opportunity, the proportion of time seafood were present in video (p_fish, all species pooled due to rarity of individual species, which included known or potential prey based on stomach contents; Grainger et al., 2020; see Supplementary Video 2) was quantified as a proxy for prey availability over 15 min windows. Several other non-prey/miscellaneous objects were also observed (e.g., jellyfish, starfish, and detached kelp), but excluded from analysis due to their rarity (absent in >90% of summary windows for most individuals).

_fish were investigated by fitting several candidate zero-inflated beta mixed models (ZIBMM, accommodating zeros where fish were absent; Douma and Weedon, 2019) using the “glmmTMB” package, with R ? , DR or DR + R ? as predictors, an individual random intercept or intercept + slope (as for LMMs above), and an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) temporal correlation structure (“ou” function) for irregularly spaced time series (night-time hours between 4 pm and 7 am excluded from analysis; Brooks et al., 2017). Fixed, random effects and correlation structures were specified for both the conditional and zero-inflated components of each model. The favored model was determined using AIC_c comparisons as above. Convergence failed in several models unless the OU correlation was removed from the conditional and/or zero-inflated component, however this produced correlated residuals and did not improve the AIC_c. Thus, model selection only considered converged models including the OU structure.

Complete Motions and Displacement Shortly after Discharge

Kitties adult cams have been deployed into the seven white sharks (cuatro males and you can 4 females, 168–258 cm Fl) having 9.7–136.2 h, producing 258.8 h regarding logger data (imply ± SD = thirty two.4 ± 25.1 h, variety = nine.7–87.cuatro h) and 81.six h off films (suggest ± SD = 10.dos ± cuatro.dos h, variety = 5.0–fifteen.step three h, anywhere between seven am and cuatro pm every single day; Table step one). All of the sharks went overseas after launch (?10–31 kilometer away from shore) which have a mean ± SD NLD point in the marking place off forty-five.dos ± 61.5 kilometres and you may NLD rates of just one.step one ± 0.4 kilometer h –1 (Table 1 and Profile step 1). Very whales gone south-eastern of your own marking area (imply ± SD NLD hit = 146.six ± thirty-six.7°, Table step one and Contour step one). Which instant article-release path is corroborated by the video and also the oscillatory plunge out-of sharks involving the body and you may seabed, to the limit depth of straight dives (approximating seabed depth) broadening till the ?40–sixty meters depth figure (suggest ± SD time and energy to reach forty yards figure = 5.6 ± step three.4 h, assortment 2.3–11.3 h, Shape cuatro). One shark having an extended implementation duration (s370w) flew 195.2 kilometres southward inside 5.one week, which have a similar NLD rate to other some body (Desk step 1 and you may Shape 1B). Tailbeat analyses shown instances of sliding (no tailbeat), generally during the diving descents (Figures 3, cuatro and you will Second Video step one). Whales achieved an indicate ± SD limit breadth from 69.6 ± 25.2 yards (range 41.5–118.4 m), and generally remained from inside the seas > 40 m depth just after its very first overseas course (Contour 4). Following a first plunge phase, many people had a tendency to swimming top through the day and you can diving alot more in the evening (Shape cuatro). Yet not, shark s378w showed a unique pattern, leftover closer to coastline (even with the same implementation length some other someone, Shape sites de rencontres européens aux usa step one and Desk step one) and you will plunge constantly (Figure 4). Videos analysis revealed that whales swam mostly within seabed (mean ± SD, 39.8 ± twenty-five.2% of your time) otherwise facial skin (37.step one ± twenty-four.8%) and you will spent less time in the water column (23.step one ± 15.6%). Sand is the best substratum (38.9 ± twenty six.0% away from complete examined clips), which have low access to most other habitats (Second Figures dos, 4).