Five widely used metrics of bioaccumulation in fish are defined and discussed, namely the octanol–water partition coefficient (K_OW), bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), biomagnification factor (BMF), and trophic magnification factor (TMF). Algebraic relationships between these metrics are developed and discussed using conventional expressions for chemical uptake from water and food and first-order losses by respiration, egestion, biotransformation, and growth dilution. Two BCFs ely as an equilibrium partition coefficient K_FW or as a nonequilibrium BCF_K in which egestion losses are included. Bioaccumulation factors are shown to be the product of the BCF_K and a ely, the diet-to-water concentration ratio and the ratio of uptake rate aplikacje randkowe the inner circle constants for respiration and dietary uptake. Biomagnification factors are shown to be proportional to the lipid-normalized ratio of the predator/prey values of BCF_K and the ratio of the equilibrium multipliers. Relationships with TMFs are also discussed. The effects of chemical hydrophobicity, biotransformation, and growth are evaluated by applying the relationships to a range of illustrative chemicals of varying K_OW in a linear 4-trophic-level food web with typical values for uptake and loss rate constants. The roles of respiratory and dietary intakes are demonstrated, and even slow rates of biotransformation and growth can significantly affect bioaccumulation. The BCF_Ks and the values of M can be regarded as the fundamental determinants of bioaccumulation and biomagnification in aquatic food webs. Analyzing data from food webs can be enhanced by plotting logarithmic lipid-normalized concentrations or fugacities as a linear function of trophic level to deduce TMFs. Implications for determining bioaccumulation by laboratory tests for regulatory purposes are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;–1466. © 2013 SETAC

Introduction

Bioaccumulation regarding normal chemical substances within the seafood or any other organisms that will constitute dining organizations is an issue on account of each other you are able to unfavorable effects into organisms on their own together with possibility of exposure to predators, and additionally individuals, which can consume these bacteria. The main focus we have found into the bioaccumulation into the fish, but similar values connect with bioaccumulation in other marine h2o-respiration organisms, and in addition they may connect with heavens-respiration bacteria like birds and you will animals. Thus, a worldwide effort has been introduced to check on commercial toxins getting their capability to bioaccumulate step one, dos . As part of that it effort, distinct bioaccumulation analysis and metrics are widely used to dictate if and also to just what extent chemical is bioaccumulative. Comprehensive literature exists towards bioaccumulation of scientific and you will regulatory viewpoints, examples being the evaluations because of the Barber step three, cuatro , Mackay and you can Fraser 5 , Arnot and you can Gobas 6 , Ehrlich mais aussi al. eight , Burkhard et al. 8 , and you can Gobas ainsi que al. nine , the second summarizing the new conclusions regarding an excellent SETAC-backed working area stored inside 2008. This type of or any other reviews has discussed the clear presence of numerous metrics off bioaccumulation that disagree when you look at the meaning, for the regulatory application, and in adoption of the scientific people.

The purpose let me reveal in order to identify and discuss the relationships between 5 prominent bioaccumulation metrics to own aquatic organisms that have a viewpoint so you can clarifying its cousin merits and you may applicability to possess bioaccumulation examination. I basic briefly identify and you will talk about the bioaccumulation metrics, next pertain a bulk harmony model to examine and you may quantify the fresh matchmaking among them. I seek to promote unique knowledge to the root process resulting into the bioaccumulation and provide pointers to own boosting and you can seeking research having bioaccumulation examination.

BIOACCUMULATION METRICS

For the current analysis, we define and describe 5 common metrics for assessing bioaccumulation. Differences exist in the definitions and usage of these terms; however, the definitions given here are used to develop mathematical relationships in the next section. The octanol–water partition coefficient (K_OW) is widely used as an indicator of hydrophobicity and thus the partitioning of a chemical from water into lipids and other organic phases such as protein 10 . The K_OW is primarily controlled by the solubility of the substance in water, because the solubility of neutral, liquid nonpolar organic chemicals in octanol is relatively constant. A log K_OW value of 5 is often used as a bioaccumulation assessment criterion; however, depending on the regulatory program, lower values are also used to categorize bioaccumulation potential. Whereas K_OW gives a reasonable and conservative estimate of lipid–water partitioning for nonpolar hydrophobic substances 11 , it may not accurately simulate partitioning for more polar and ionogenic organic chemicals and other chemical classes such as organofluorines and silicones. Direct empirical measurement is essential in such cases.